3 aspects for hominymy and ambiguity: 1) name expresses several things 2) when we are alone in expressing ourselves in this way 3) overall expression indicates several things (conjunctions become ambiguous)
Paralogisms independent of the mode of expression 1. determination of gender 2. double perspective on determination, absolute or non-absolute validity (limited, spatial, temporal, relative) 3. ignorance definition refutation [superclass] 4. based on consequence (it is believed that the relationship between reason and consequence is convertible) 5. assuming the proposition to be proven 6. establishing as cause that which is not (application in syllogism for assurance ⇒ demolishing a premise) 7. reducing several questions to a single one
[3] - refutation = proof of a proposition that contradicts a certain conclusion - false refutation or apparent refutation ⇒ reduced to paralogisms in the manner of expression [? 167a35] - syllogistic refutation: conclusion follows from premise in a necessary and not just apparent way